10x Genomics
Visium Spatial Gene Expression

Space Ranger1.3, printed on 11/23/2024

Image Inputs

Table of Contents

• Image types
• Correct sizing of images
• Considerations for brightfield images
• Considerations for fluorescence images
• Multi-Resolution or pyramid TIFF images

Image input types and formats at a glance. Considerations for each of these image types are detailed below.

Image types

Space Ranger supports two styles of microscopy images: either a brightfield image stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or a fluorescence image comprising one or more acquisitions or channels (see below for examples of both, first row). The typical brightfield image is a transmission image, illuminated from below with white light and imaged from above. Dense areas of the sample, where tissue and cells lie, attenuate the transmitted light, producing an image that has a bright background and a dark or colored foreground. Fluorescence microscopy uses excitation with narrow band light and measures a signal emitted from either endogenous or added fluorophores, generating an image with a dark background and bright foreground. The fluorescence imaging demonstrated protocol for Visium is for immunofluorescence, where signal is generated by fluorophores conjugated to antibodies that bind to proteins of interest.

A fluorescence image comprises one or more grayscale intensity images (below, bottom row) and is often visualized as a single combined image with a different color assigned to each channel acquired (below, top-right). Each channel corresponds to a different fluorophore that binds to a different protein of interest. Space Ranger can take as input a brightfield image, one or more grayscale fluorescence channel images, or a color image made from combining and coloring fluroescence channel images in an external program such as ImageJ/Fiji or Photoshop. For technical details on imaging and examples of imaging artifacts that might lead to analysis error, refer to the Visium Imaging Guidelines.

Brightfield Image	Fluorescence Image Colorized

Fluorescence Image, channel 1	Fluorescence Image, channel 2	Fluorescence Image, channel 3

Correct sizing of images

Space Ranger requires images that are at least 2000 pixels in either dimension. In order to ensure uniform performance of the image processing in Space Ranger across a range of input resolutions, the input image is downsampled to be no larger than 2000 pixels in either dimension. Space Ranger's automatic processing will not perform well on smaller images and they are explicitly rejected from processing. Note that any downsampling performed internally in Space Ranger does not impact visualization in Loupe Browser, which always uses the full resolution input image.

If the input image has a great deal of whitespace to the left or right of the capture area, or the image includes a portion of the capture area either above or below the area being analyzed, the capture area in the input image may be downsampled too much in order to accommodate the extra white space. If the fiducial alignment or tissue detection results are not as expected for such images, 10x Genomics recommends cropping the images in order to remove the extraneous image area outside of the fiducial border. Images that are too tall or too wide can be easily cropped with freely available tools such as ImageJ/Fiji.

Too Wide	Too Tall	Correct

The image supplied to Space Ranger must contain only one capture area from the Visium Gene Expression slide. The exact capture area of the supplied image is specified using the --area argument in the spaceranger count pipeline.

Incorrect Image			Correct

Considerations for brightfield images

Brightfield microscopy input images for use with Visium must be 24-bit color TIFF/BigTIFF, 16-bit grayscale TIFF/BigTIFF, or a JPEG.

Brightfield image input is specified in spaceranger count using the --image argument. In addition to these basic file type requirements for both Loupe Browser and Space Ranger, the automatic image processing pipeline in Space Ranger can be used for brightfield images that meet the additional restrictions outlined below. If these restrictions cannot be met, you can still process your data using the manual alignment and tissue selection process in Loupe Browser.

Correct orientation for automated processing of brightfield images

Images destined for automatic processing in Space Ranger should be oriented such that the hourglass fiducial marker is the in upper-left corner of the image. The image must be roughly axis-aligned, although slight rotations (e.g. less than 15 degrees) should be fine.

Properly Oriented Slide Image	Corner with Hourglass Fiducial

If the --reorient-images option is supplied to spaceranger count, the software will attempt to correct for images that are not in the expected orientation. This process is disabled by default as it is more likely to fail if tissue placement obscures the edges of the fiducial frame. If this process fails, you can also correct for image rotation and mirroring either by using the manual alignment step in Loupe Browser or by correcting the image using freely available tools such as ImageJ/Fiji or Image Magick prior to processing with Space Ranger.

Proper exposure of brightfield images for automated processing

The automatic image processing in Space Ranger relies on the detection of spots in the fiducial frame. This process may perform poorly if the images are overexposed. Because the fiducial spots are slightly darker at the edges, very overexposed fiducials will appear as rings instead of solid circles. In general, poorly exposed images cannot be corrected after acquisition. If such images fail to process properly in the automatic pipeline, you can process such data through the manual alignment and tissue selection process in Loupe Browser prior to running Space Ranger.

Properly Exposed Slide Image	Over-Exposed Slide Image

Considerations for fluorescence images

Fluorescence images can be provided to the pipeline either as individual grayscale acquisitions or as a single, combined, color image. There are three possible input modes:

1. One or more acquisitions stored in a single, multi-page TIFF/BigTIFF file, where each page encodes an acquisition in greyscale at 8 or 16-bit depth, up to six total pages. All pages must be the same dimensions in pixels and the same bit depth. This type of image input is specified in spaceranger count using the --darkimage argument.

2. One or more acquisitions each stored in individual, single-page greyscale 8 or 16-bit depth TIFF/BigTIFF files, or as JPEG files with up to six total files. All files must be the same size and bit depth. These types of image inputs are specified in spaceranger count by either providing the file names as a a comma separated list (--darkimage=channel_1.tiff,channel_2.tiff,channel_3.tiff,...) or by listing mutliple --darkimage arguments (--darkimage=channel_1.tiff --darkimage=channel_2.tiff ... ).

3. A color image where the user has colored and combined the individual acquisitions into a single image. This format can be specified as either a 24-bit color TIFF/BigTIFF or a JPEG file. Note that with the options above, Loupe Browser will allow you to combine and color the images during visualization. This option is provided for users who wish to perform this function externally in software such as Photoshop or ImageJ/Fiji. This type of image input is specified in spaceranger count using the --colorizedimage argument.

Space Ranger will not accept images in other formats at this time, but 10x Genomics is open to feature requests for preferred image formats.

Multi-Resolution or pyramid TIFF images

Space Ranger 1.2.2 and Loupe Browser 5.0.1 introduced the ability to utilize TIFF images that contain multiple resolutions. This covers both pyramid format TIFF images that encode a progressive range of image resolutions, and images with a single, low-resolution preview image. This feature is implemented by identifying the highest resolution (largest number of pixels) in a single page within the file, then extracting all pages with the same shape (rows and columns). With this strategy in place, the other rules for TIFF files, as described above, remain in place and the software will accommodate file structures that include multiple fluorescence filter channels as well as a multi-resolution encoding. TIFF images where the highest resolution page is ambiguous (e.g., a file with one 6000x4000 page and a second 4000x6000 page) cannot be read.

Common FAQs

• Steps to use a low contrast image
• Optimal number of detectable fiducial spots
• Space Ranger failing with manual alignment
• Providing an auxiliary fiducial image for alignment of IF images